Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Top Ten Indian Companiesand Its Impact on Community Development

: The study presents contemporary Corporate Social Responsibility Practices (CSRPs) in literature. The basic purpose and aim of the study are to describe and investigate the broad categories of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices (CSRPs) of the top 10 Indian companies where it operates the business and their response towards the surrounding community development environment. This study also tries to build the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and their impact on community development and the well-being of a community. The present study has adopted a secondary source of data that is used to analyze the data based on archival data sources. Finally, the findings of this study will show that Corporate Social Responsibility Practices (CSRPs) positively influence and impact community development and well-being. Also, the results of the study will have a significant and practical implication on societal progressive development and future research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSRPs) and Community Development (CD).

Eradicating hunger, poverty, and malnutrition, promoting health care including preventive health care and sanitation including contribution to Swach Bharat Kosh set up by the Central Government for promotion of sanitation and making available safe drinking water; (ii) Promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills, especially among children, women, elderly, and the differently-abled, and livelihood enhancement projects; (iii) Promoting gender equality, empowering women, setting up homes and hostels for women and orphans; setting up old age homes, day-care centres, and other facilities for senior citizens and measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups; (iv) Ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, animal welfare, agroforestry, conservation of natural resources, and maintaining the quality of soil, air, and water including contribution to the Clean Ganga Fund set up by the Central Government for rejuvenation of the river Ganga; (v) Protection of national heritage, art, and culture including restoration of buildings and sites of historical importance and works of art; setting up public libraries; promotion and development of traditional arts and handicrafts; (vi) Measures for the benefit of armed forces veterans, war widows, and their dependents; (vii) Training to promote rural sports, nationally recognized sports, Paralympic sports, and Olympic sports; (viii) Contribution to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities, and women; (ix) Contributions or funds provided to technology incubators located within academic institutions which are approved by the Central Government; (x) Rural development projects; (xi) Slum area development; (xii) Disaster management, including relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction activities 2. Literature Review 2.1. Corporate Social Responsibilit As with many meanings and definitions of CSR in research, globally there is no acceptable definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). However, the uses of CSR terms 'appear' and 'some' in the definition and its understanding reflects the ambiguity and difficulty in defining and measuring corporate social responsibility in the Indian context. These concepts have been just replaced by each other and accumulated erstwhile uses and achievements as usual they evolved consistently. Likewise, different terms that have been used in scholarly literature to CSR studies and the implementation of CSR Practices such as, Corporate Social Performance (CSP) [2], Corporate Integrity (CI) [3]; Social Philanthropy (SP) or Corporate Philanthropy (CP) [4]; Corporate Social Policy (CSP) and Management of stakeholders (MS), and Sustainable Development (SD) [5]; Corporate Citizenship (CC) [6]; Corporate Sustainability (CS) [7]; Corporate Reputation (CR) [8]; Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) and Corporate Governance (CG) [9]; Corporate Social Responsiveness (CSR), Corporate Social Reporting (CSR) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) [10] [11] and many others came along and scholarly literature to CSR developed. The concept and definition of CSR have grown extensively in the past couple of years, and many scholars have studied the concept, accordingly, Carroll [12] highlighted that CSR is "the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has on organizations a given point in time".
According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD;2000), 'Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large'.

Historical Perspective of CSR Legislation
The following tables and figures are clearly shown in the historical ladder of the CSR Evaluation. It is shown in Table 2 and Figure 1 with regard to the historical perspective and its evaluations of CSR in India.

Figure 1. Historical Perspective of CSR Legislation
Since CSR is still growing and being defined, the importance of inclusive development is widely known as a crucial part of India's quest for development. In order to gain the importance of echoes, our esteemed companies embrace those segments of society in the growth process, which had yet persisted omitted from the mainstream of development. In the contour of this aspiration and the national endeavour, CSR was perceived as a significant instrument and weapon for integrating social, economic, and environmental concerns, and the well-being of human development regard in the entire value chain of corporate business. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has mandated certain amendments to regulate firms as responsible and committed to social development as mentioned above.

The Meaning and Concept of Community Development
Community development has two terms or notions i.e., 'Community' and 'Development', both of which need some understanding and comprehension. Thus, 'Community' is a social group of people who live in a particular geographical area and have an interest in each other for the purpose of making Veerabhadram Bhukya. Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Top Ten Indian Companiesand Its Impact on Community Development. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33-48, June 2023. DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0601.521 37 some degree of "we Feeling" or "coherence" and standard living in a given area. 'Development' is a gradual progress or transformation for healthier in such a way as to enhance the standard of living, security, autonomy, self-esteem, self-reliance, and self-development of the group of people. This would be combined into twin notions of social as well as economic development. Finally, development means a movement of architects to promote good living conditions or well-being of the community environment with democratic participation and/or initiative at the community level.
Thus, it is a movement of transformation by which people's efforts are cohesive with those of group authorities to improve their economic, social, and cultural form of communities, into the life of the nation, and to empower them to contribute fully to national programmes. Many renowned authors have defined community development and its importance in the literature which has been shown in the following.
According to Lotz [13], community development has been described as a conscious technique or process to solve social change problems; a process that enables communities to "collectively confront and act on their common values and problems".
According Hamilton [14] precisely underlined that community development is a planned and organized effort to assist individuals to acquire the attitudes, skills, and concepts required for their democratic participation in the effective solution of as wide a range of community improvement problems as possible in the order of priority determined by their increasing levels of competence.
According to Moreland and Lovett [15], community development is a learning process that involves people in experiences from which they will learn ways of enhancing their capacity for selfdirected activity and destiny.
According to Draper [16] a social interventionist or animation social view, community development can be described as "the process of animation that gives rise to a process of selfeducation, the essence of which is a heightening of the capacity for self-determination.

Methodology
The research methodology and procedure played a vital role in the research process. It is underpinning the epistemic and ethical rationale for using and adopting a particular procedure for the research study's aims and objectives. However, this is the way of adopting and scientifically acquiring useful data. The aim of the research methodology is to produce an accumulative body of knowledge in the entire process.

Aim and Purpose of the Study
The basic aim and purpose of this study are to describe and analyze the CSR Practices of the top 10 Indian companies and their contribution towards community development. The basis of this study is to gather the archival data reported in the annual reports of the Top Ten companies in India. Objectives of the Study 1) To study and understand the concept of corporate social responsibility.
2) To know the concept of community development indicators and their importance.
3) To study the CSR Practices and their impact on community development

Hypothesis
It is considered as a calculated postulate and prediction about a precise parameter founded on certain limited evidence or probe. The following would be examined in this study. H1: There is a significant relationship between CSR spending patterns and their Impact on Community Development.

Sources and Methods of Data Collection
The sources of the data are secondary and based on annual reports of the top ten companies. Those data were available in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, National CSR Portal, Veerabhadram Bhukya. Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Top Ten Indian Companiesand Its Impact on Community Development. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33-48, June 2023. DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0601.521 38 and as well as the company's annual reports for three consecutive financial years 2018 to 2019, 2019 to 2020, and 2020 to 2021.

Finding and Discussion
The results and findings of the study are based on archival data sources available on official sites and other sources, in this regard, the data is collected from various sources of the top ten companies in prescribed expenditure status on CSR. The annual reports are likely the preferred sources of corporate information for different stakeholder groups and are a vital document for building a firm's social image [17]  It is shown in Table 3 with regard to company-wise prescribed expenditure on CSR Practices from the finical year of 2018 -19 and how its influence on community development in various initiatives taken by companies towards the betterment of the community is revealed.
Reliance Industries Limited was standing on top of the first rank in the overall ranking, however, in average net profit of the company is 40,558. Similarly, Tata Steel Limited is standing in the ninth rank in the CSR ranking position. However, the average net profit of the company is 4,120. 15  However, the following figure obviously indicates program-wise influence on community development. Figure 2 shows about the overall influence on community development which combined calculations and analyses undertaken by the top ten companies into their CSR Practices from the finical year of 2018-19. Interestedly, Education is considered the highest priority in their CSR Practices which is assumed clearly by the top ten companies revealed in the chart, then apparently preference given area is to health then followed by Art and Culture, Women Empowerment, Livelihood Promotion, Communication, and similarly equally weightage stretch to Vocational Training and Safe Drinking Water. Therefore, it is signifying that education and health play vital roles in the progress of the human being, thus priority is given by the companies shown in this study evidently.

Figure 2. CSR Initiatives on Community Development 1st
Nevertheless, the following figure obviously shows amongst the top of the company in the overall performance of CSR Practices and its impact on community development. Figure 3 shows the overall performance and its influence on the betterment of community development which is CSR Practice undertaken by the companies in their CSR initiatives from the finical year of 2018-19. In the combination of various parameters such as ranking of the company, Average net profit of the company, CSR Prescribed expenditure amount (2%), the total amount spent on CSR Practices linked to Community Development initiatives undertaken by a company, and its preference, Sector-wise approximately amount allocated and its spent-on community development.
Therefore, based on extensive examining and securitizing of the data, which is revealed that the top of the company positioned Tata Consultancy Services, followed by Tata Steel Limited, ITC Limited, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, NTPC Limited, Reliance Industries Limited, Infosys Limited, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, and HDFC Bank Limited respectively standing their position in overall performance shown towards community development.
Regard to company-wise prescribed expenditure on CSR Practices from the finical year of 2019-2020 and its influence on community development in various initiatives taken by companies towards the betterment of the community is revealed: Reliance  Interestedly, Health is considering the highest priority in their CSR Practices which is assumed clearly by the top ten companies revealed in the chart, then apparently preference given area is to Art and Culture then followed by Education, Vocational Training, Livelihood Promotion, Communication, Women Empowerment, and other proceeding areas.
Therefore, it is signifying that education, health and art, and culture have played vital roles in the progress of human beings, thus priority is given by the companies shown in this study evidently.
However, the following figure obviously shows amongst the top of the company the overall performance of CSR Practices and their impact on community development. In the combination of various parameters such as ranking of the company, Average net profit of the company, CSR Prescribed expenditure amount (2%), the total amount spent on CSR Practices, Community Development initiatives undertaken by a company, and its preference sector wise approximately amount allocated to and its spent-on community development.
Therefore, based on extensive examining and securitizing of the data, which is revealed that the top of the company positioned Power Grid Corporation India Limited because this company was undertaken and allocated the whole prescribed amount towards art and culture only, of course then followed by similar stand by Tata Consultancy Services and Tata Sons Private Limited. Then ITC Limited, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Infosys Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Reliance Industries Limited, and HDFC Bank Limited respectively stands their position in overall performance shown towards community development.
Regard to company-wise prescribed expenditure on CSR Practices from the finical year of 2020-2021 and its influence on community development in various initiatives taken by companies towards the betterment of the community is revealed: Reliance  Figure 6 shows about the overall influence on community development which is an integrated calculation analysis undertaken by the top ten companies into their CSR Practices from the finical year of 2018-19. Interestedly, Health is considering the highest priority in their CSR Practices which is assumed clearly by the top ten companies revealed in the chart, then equally preference given area is to Education. These two areas have played a fabulous role and contribution to community development but not only to it are also keen on the overall adequacy of human society. Then followed by Livelihood Promotion, Art, and Culture, then equally scattered and priority is given to Women Empowerment and Vocational Training, of course then equally preference is credited to Communication and Safe Drinking Water. Finally, it is signifying that education and health have played dynamic roles in the progress of human society development and adequacy.
However, the following figure obviously shows the top of the company in the overall performance of CSR Practices and its impact on community development. Figure 7 presents the overall performance and its impact on community development from CSR initiatives undertaken by the top ten companies in the finical year of 2020-21. In the combination of Veerabhadram Bhukya. Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Top Ten Indian Companiesand Its Impact on Community Development. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33-48, June 2023. DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0601.521 various parameters such as ranking of the company, Average net profit of the company, CSR Prescribed expenditure amount (2%), the total amount spent on CSR Practices, Community Development initiatives undertaken by the company, and its preference, Sector-wise approximately amount allocated to and its spent-on community development.
Therefore, based on extensive examining and securitizing of the data, which is revealed that the top of the company positioned WIPRO Limited, then followed by ITC Limited, Infosys Limited, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, HDFC Bank Limited, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Steel Limited, and Reliance Industries Limited respectively standing their position in overall performance shown towards community development.
The role of hypothesis is very playing on vital character in the assumption of the outcome of the study. The following table shows the formulated assumptions and their results.
H1: There is a significant relationship between CSR spending patterns and its Impact on Community Development.
Based upon the following formulated assumption applied Bivariate Correlations between variables and their effect.  Table 6 shown regard to the company-wise descriptive output of certain CSR Practices and its parameters. The combined consecutive three financial years average net profit of the company mean value is (5,249.616167) and (10,620.0576718 However, the following table is obviously shows amongst companies Bivariate Correlations between various CSR parameters and its impact on community development. Table 7 shows the regard to company-wise Bivariate Correlations between variables and their significance at 2-tailed dimensions. The combined consecutive three financial years of the company's CSR Practices and their impact on community development. There is a significant relationship between the company's average net profit, CSR Prescribed Expenditure Amount, Actual CSR amount ensured, Amount spent on Community Development, Sector-wise allocated amount to community development and its impact.
However, the following table obviously shows the testing of independent sample tests between various CSR parameters and its impact on community development.
It is shown from Table 8 with regard to Independent Samples Test, clears reveal the relationship between various variables and their significance value like Leven's Test for equality of variance of F-Value at Average Net Profit (29.040) and its Significance value (.000). Then followed by the CSR Prescribed Expenditure is F-Value (29.403) and its Significance value (.000). Accordingly, the CSR Spent Amount Ensured and Amount spent on Community Development amount ensured that F-Value at (3.056) and its Significance value (.095), F-Value (3.601) and its Significance value (.072) is standing respectively.  Therefore, it is finally concluded the predictor variables stand rejected based upon above mentions table values and its significance values, thus the null hypothesis "there is no significant relationship between CSR spending patterns and its Impact on Community Development." stand accepted and the alternative hypothesis "There is a significant relationship between CSR spending patterns and its Impact on Community Development" is rejected.

Conclusion
The outcome of this study shows that the top Ten Indian Companies' CSR Practices and their impact on community development are partially helping to uplift social issues of community needs and requirements. The top ten companies are majorly focused on health, education, income-generating initiatives, infrastructure development, vocational training, women empowerment, and art and culture. The result of correlations analysis indicates that a company's CSR practices and their impact on community development significantly influence community development. CSR Practices or initiatives on community development should be suitable to the community needs and well-being of the whole society with participative plans and executions. Moreover, the CSR policy planner and executives should implement the CSR initiatives based on the community's priorities and needs. The plan of CSR Practices is focused on genuine research outcomes that education plays a vital role in and top tier CSR agenda for the societal progress of the community. The results of the study also suggest that companies and communities are interrelated and interdependent on each other. The concept of CSR and its motto rests on the ideology of giving and taking because firms are taking resources in the form of raw materials, human resources, etc., from society. By performing the task of CSR activities, the companies are giving something back to society, because as we know they belong to society and are part of society.
The results of the study extensively suggest that a proper execution system should be developed to monitor a CSR initiative and its implementation. Every firm should look forward to recruiting an eligible and trained executive to implement need and priority-based CSR initiatives toward the community and society's well-being. This can be done by assuming a matching performance of maximizing profits and at the same time development of the local community and the well-being of the society. One has to bear in mind that the concept of CSR should be head off away from the objective of shareholder's wealth maximization (which is a profit-motivated based calculation) into the objective of societal wealth maximization (which is a morally based calculation).
Therefore, firms should look forward to building a progressive society by executing their CSR initiatives appropriate to the community's needs. The potential profits of the firms and business reputations are well recognized when their CSR contribution is properly utilized towards societal development, which can also create and generate firms' business reputations in various forms of opportunities to fulfill their business motives, interest, and social welfare of the society.
This study has several limitations. Firstly, only the elite top 10 companies were selected as a respondent. Second, the responses are only secondary sources gathered that Archival Data (annual reports of the companies) of CSR Practices responses toward the community. Finally, the scope of the study is conducted on the top ten companies and highlighted the CSRP's and impacts on Communities only. Thus, this study boon the opportunity to study further the general people of the community and different groups of stakeholders' perception towards community progress and CSRP's in India. A more profound and comprehensive questionnaire and interview schedule could be used in future studies to measure CSR contribution toward community development. Future research studies will extensively adopt a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approach and qualitative survey method that would give more fact-finding results of the study. Therefore, these studies can also conduct a replicative impact on the community of this model to increase the generalizability of CSR Practices. The researchers further can extend the scope of this research study by taking the overall CSR contribution of all companies in India towards all aspects of society.
As a scholar having many queries about CSR Practices and implementations in India. When we see all Indian companies average an amount of 11,274.53 (INR Cr.) spent towards societal development and well-being of a community but many remote villages and communities do not have basic civic facilities even in their business operating areas and locality also. Still, India stands as the developing, largest, and youngest nation all over the world. Veerabhadram Bhukya. Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Top Ten Indian Companiesand Its Impact on Community Development. International Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33-48, June 2023. DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ij-humass-0601.521