https://lamintang.org/journal/index.php/jetas <p>Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) is a peer-reviewed journal. The journal publishes original papers which contribute to the understanding of the structural and functional aspects of Education and Science towards the application of Technology and Engineering. JETAS support the STEM and published in the LET Centre. JETAS published in English and every four months (April, August and December).</p> Lamintang Education and Training Centre, in collaboration with the International Association of Educators, Scientists, Technologists, and Engineers (IA-ESTE) en-US Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) 2721-7949 <p>The copyright to this article is transferred to Journal of Engineering, Technology and Applied Science (JETAS) if and when the article is accepted for publication. 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The copyright transfer covers the right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature. The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.</p> <p>Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions<br>1. Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the work.<br>2. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the author’s personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the JETAS copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies JETAS endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.<br>3. Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.</p> <p>The authors agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal (comments to the editor can be added at the "Comments for the Editor").</p> https://lamintang.org/journal/index.php/jetas/article/view/970 <p>-This study aims to develop and evaluate an Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning system called AR Cube Sim for the topic of Food Ingredient in Grade 2 Science. Using the ADDIE instructional model and based on Constructivism Learning Theory, this application integrates the physical Merge Cube and the CoSpaces Edu platform to present interactive 3D visualizations. The application evaluation involved a sample of 21 respondents (15 students and 6 Science teachers) at SMK Bugaya, Semporna, Sabah. The results of the usability level test using the System Usability Scale (SUS) instrument showed an overall average score of 94.8% (Very Good/Grade A), where the teacher group gave a score of 98.6% and the student group 94.4%. The research findings prove that AR Cube Sim is effective in increasing student learning motivation (81.0%) and providing a fun and safe 3D visual manipulative learning experience (90.5%). This application has great potential to be formally integrated as a teaching aid (BBM) to support the modernization of digital education in schools.</p> Elawatun Kada Nadia Akma Ahmad Zaki Andi Almeira Zocha Ismail Andi Regina Acacia Ismail Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2026-08-25 2026-08-25 8 2 48 59 10.36079/lamintang.jetas-0802.970 https://lamintang.org/journal/index.php/jetas/article/view/1091 <p>Pyrolysis offers a promising route for recovering liquid hydrocarbons from difficult-to-recycle polyolefin waste; however, small-scale reactor studies can provide incomplete assessment when reported oil production is not considered together with the thermal energy required to heat the feedstock, reactor hardware, and compensate for heat losses. This study develops a transparent and reproducible thermodynamic framework for a small-scale pyrolysis reactor processing polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The model was formulated using direct mass- and energy-balance equations based on the reported fabricated reactor geometry, a 3 kg batch basis, literature-derived thermophysical properties, polymer fusion and pyrolysis enthalpies, reactor-wall heating, and heat-loss calculations. A deterministic MATLAB implementation was used to evaluate thermal input over 400–550 °C and to assess the sensitivity to insulation thickness from 10 to 50 mm. Model outputs were assessed against the reported final plastic-waste-oil (PWO) volumes, while experimental observations, literature-derived properties, modelling assumptions, and legacy numerical results were kept explicitly separated. At 500 °C, the calculated thermal inputs were 10.67 MJ for PE, 10.88 MJ for PP, and 14.00 MJ for HDPE. Increasing the assumed insulation thickness from 10 to 50 mm reduced the calculated thermal input by approximately 9.3–12.0%. The reported PWO volumes were 1.50 L for PE, 1.40 L for HDPE, and 0.90 L for PP. Under a common 500 °C reference condition, the corresponding reference energy-normalized oil-recovery indices (REORI) were 0.141, 0.100, and 0.083 L MJ⁻¹, respectively. REORI provides a common-basis comparative screening indicator by relating reported PWO volume to modelled thermal input, but it should not be interpreted as measured process efficiency. The framework demonstrates the importance of considering reactor thermal mass and heat-loss control alongside feedstock properties when assessing small-scale pyrolysis systems. However, the analysis is limited by the unavailability of direct heater-energy measurements, calibrated reaction-zone temperature data, cooling-water flow records, replicate measurements, and complete primary experimental records. Future work should therefore incorporate direct heater-power or energy-consumption measurements, calibrated reaction-zone temperature monitoring, oil mass-yield determination, condenser heat-removal measurements, and replicated experiments to enable rigorous energy-efficiency evaluation and validation of the thermodynamic framework.</p> Junaidi Amat Husin Md Tasyrif Abdul Rahman Muhammad Irwanto Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2026-08-25 2026-08-25 8 2 60 73 10.36079/lamintang.jetas-0802.1091