Prevalence and Risk Factors of COPD Among Smokers in the Philippines
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Abstract
This study investigates the prevalence and impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) among smokers in the Philippines using a mixed-methods approach. Data was collected from April 2022 to April 2023 across urban and rural areas, involving 1,500 participants aged 40 and above with a history of smoking. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and questionnaires assessed COPD prevalence, smoking habits, environmental exposures, and comorbidities. COPD was diagnosed using spirometry, adhering to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression to explore associations between smoking, environmental factors, and COPD. The findings revealed a 35% COPD prevalence among participants, with a notable gender disparity: 45% in males and 25% in females, correlating with higher smoking rates among men. Logistic regression indicated that each additional pack-year of smoking increased COPD risk by 3.3%. Urban living, especially in Metro Manila, was significantly associated with higher COPD prevalence, likely due to elevated air pollution and exposure to indoor pollutants. Additionally, 59.4% of COPD cases were undiagnosed prior to this study, highlighting significant gaps in awareness and healthcare access. The study underscores the urgent need for improved COPD awareness, better diagnostic practices, and targeted public health interventions, including smoking cessation programs and strategies to reduce environmental exposures. Addressing these issues can significantly reduce COPD burden and enhance healthcare outcomes for affected individuals in the Philippines.
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