Authors are not permitted to withdraw a submitted manuscript, as such actions constitute a waste of valuable resources, including the time and effort of editors and reviewers, as well as the financial and operational investments made by the publisher.

By submitting a manuscript, the author affirms that the work is not under review elsewhere, has not been accepted, and has not been published in another journal.

Withdrawing a manuscript because it has been accepted by another journal is considered unethical.

If an author still requests to withdraw the manuscript during the peer-review process, a penalty fee of USD 250 per manuscript will be charged to compensate the publisher.

If the withdrawal is requested after the manuscript has been accepted for publication, the author will be required to pay a penalty fee of USD 500 per manuscript.

Manuscript withdrawal will only be processed after the applicable penalty fee has been duly paid to the publisher.